CBSE Class 11 Accountancy — Notes, Solutions & Papers

Theory: 80 Marks 3 Hours

Project: 20 Marks

Units/Topics Learning Outcomes Introduction to Accounting • Accounting- concept, meaning, as a source of information, objectives, advantages and limitations, types of accounting information; users of accounting information and their needs. Qualitative Characteristics of Accounting Information. Role of Accounting in Business. • Basic Accounting Terms- Entity, Business Transaction, Capital, Drawings. Liabilities (Non Current and Current). Assets (Non Current, Current); Expenditure (Capital and Revenue), Expense, Revenue, Income, Profit, Gain, Loss, Purchase, Sales, Goods, Stock, Debtor, Creditor, Voucher, Discount (Trade discount and Cash Discount) Theory Base of Accounting • Fundamental accounting assumptions:

GAAP: Concept • Basic Accounting Concept : Business Entity, Money Measurement, Going Concern, After going through this Unit, the students will be able to: • describe the meaning, significance, objectives, advantages and limitations of accounting in the modem economic environment with varied types of business and non-business economic entities. • identify / recognise the individual(s) and entities that use accounting information for serving their needs of decision making. • explain the various terms used in accounting and differentiate between different related terms like current and non-current, capital and revenue. • give examples of terms like business transaction, liabilities, assets, expenditure and purchases. • explain that sales/purchases include both cash and credit sales/purchases relating to the accounting year. • differentiate among income, profits and gains. Class-XI (2026-27) Accounting Period, Cost Concept, Dual Aspect, Revenue Recognition, Matching, Full Disclosure, Consistency, Conservatism, • Materiality and Objectivity • System of Accounting. Basis of Accounting: cash basis and accrual basis • Accounting Standards: Applicability of Accounting Standards (AS) and Indian Accounting Standards (IndAS) • Goods and Services Tax (GST): Characteristics and Advantages. • state the meaning of fundamental accounting assumptions and their relevance in accounting. • describe the meaning of accounting assumptions and the situation in which an assumption is applied during the accounting process. • explain the meaning, applicability, objectives, advantages and limitations of accounting standards. • appreciate that various accounting standards developed nationally and globally are in practice for bringing parity in the accounting treatment of different items. • acknowledge the fact that recording of accounting transactions follows double entry system. • explain the bases of recording accounting transaction and to appreciate that accrual basis is a better basis for depicting the correct financial position of an enterprise. • Explain the meaning, advantages and characteristic of GST.

Units/Topics Learning Outcomes Recording of Business Transactions • Voucher and Transactions: Source documents and Vouchers, Preparation of Vouchers, Accounting Equation Approach: Meaning and Analysis, Rules of Debit and Credit. • Recording of Transactions: Books of Original Entry- Journal • Special Purpose books: • Cash Book: Simple, cash book with bank column and petty cashbook • Purchases book After going through this Unit, the students will be able to: • explain the concept of accounting equation and appreciate that every transaction affects either both the sides of the equation or a positive effect on one item and a negative effect on another item on the same side of accounting equation. • explain the effect of a transaction (increase or decrease) on the assets, liabilities, capital, revenue and expenses. • appreciate that on the basis of source • Sales book • Purchases return book • Sales return book • Journal proper

Note: Including trade discount, freight and cartage expenses for simple GST calculation. • Ledger: Format, Posting from journal and subsidiary books, Balancing of accounts Bank Reconciliation Statement: • Need and preparation, Bank Reconciliation Statement Depreciation, Provisions and Reserves • Depreciation: Meaning, Features, Need, Causes, factors • Other similar terms: Depletion and Amortisation • Methods of Depreciation: i. Straight Line Method (SLM) ii. Written Down Value Method (WDV)

Note: Excluding change of method • Difference between SLM and WDV; Advantages of SLM and WDV • Method of recoding depreciation i. Charging to asset account ii. Creating provision for depreciation/accumulated depreciation account • Treatment of disposal of asset • Provisions, Reserves, Difference Between Provisions and Reserves. • Types of Reserves: i. Revenue reserve ii. Capital reserve iii. General reserve iv. Specific reserve v. Secret Reserve • Difference between capital and revenue reserve Trial balance and Rectification of Errors documents, accounting vouchers are prepared for recording transaction in the books of accounts. • develop the understanding of recording of transactions in journal and the skill of calculating GST. • explain the purpose of maintaining a Cash Book and develop the skill of preparing the format of different types of cash books and the method of recording cash transactions in Cash book. • describe the method of recording transactions other than cash transactions as per their nature in different subsidiary books . • appreciate that at times bank balance as indicated by cash book is different from the bank balance as shown by the pass book / bank statement and to reconcile both the balances, bank reconciliation statement is prepared. • develop understanding of preparing bank reconciliation statement. • appreciate that for ascertaining the position of individual accounts, transactions are posted from subsidiary books and journal proper into the concerned accounts in the ledger and develop the skill of ledger posting. • explain the necessity of providing depreciation and develop the skill of using different methods for computing depreciation. • understand the accounting treatment of providing depreciation directly to the concerned asset account or by creating provision for depreciation account. • appreciate the method of asset disposal through the concerned asset account or by preparing asset disposal account. • appreciate the need for creating reserves and also making provisions for events which may • Trial balance: objectives, meaning and preparation (Scope: Trial balance with balance method only) • Errors: classification-errors of omission, commission, principles, and compensating; their effect on Trial Balance. • Detection and rectification of errors; (i) Errors which do not affect trial balance (ii) Errors which affect trial balance • preparation of suspense account. belong to the current year but may happen in next year. • appreciate the difference between reserve and reserve fund. • state the need and objectives of preparing trial balance and develop the skill of preparing trial balance. • appreciate that errors may be committed during the process of accounting. • understand the meaning of different types of errors and their effect on trial balance. • develop the skill of identification and location of errors and their rectification and preparation of suspense account.

Units/Topics Learning Outcomes Financial Statements Meaning, objectives and importance; Revenue and Capital Receipts; Revenue and Capital Expenditure; Deferred Revenue expenditure. Opening journal entry. Trading and Profit and Loss Account: Gross Profit, Operating profit and Net profit. Preparation.

Balance Sheet: need, grouping and marshalling of assets and liabilities. Preparation. Adjustments in preparation of financial statements with respect to closing stock, outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, accrued income, income received in advance, depreciation, bad debts, provision for doubtful debts, provision for discount on debtors, Abnormal loss, Goods taken for personal use/staff welfare, interest on capital and managers commission. Preparation of Trading and Profit and Loss account and Balance Sheet of a sole proprietorship with adjustments. Incomplete Records After going through this Unit, the students will be able to: • state the meaning of financial statements the • purpose of preparing financial statements. • state the meaning of gross profit, operating profit and net profit and develop the skill of preparing trading and profit and loss account. • explain the need for preparing balance sheet. • understand the technique of grouping and marshalling of assets and liabilities. • appreciate that there may be certain items other than those shown in trial balance which may need adjustments while preparing financial statements. • develop the understanding and skill to do adjustments for items and their presentation in financial statements like depreciation, closing stock, provisions, abnormal loss etc. • develop the skill of preparation of trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet. Features, reasons and limitations. Ascertainment of Profit/Loss by Statement of Affairs method. (excluding conversion method)

1. Collection of source documents, preparation of vouchers, recording of transactions with the help of vouchers. 2. Preparation of Bank Reconciliation Statement with the given cash book and the pass book with twenty to twenty-five transactions. 3. Comprehensive project of any sole proprietorship business. This may state with journal entries and their ledgering, preparation of Trial balance. Trading and Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. Expenses, incomes and profit (loss), assets and liabilities are to be depicted using pie chart / bar diagram. This may include simple GST related transactions.

PROJECT WORK

It is suggested to undertake this project after completing the unit on preparation of financial statements. The student(s) will be allowed to select any business of their choice or develop the transaction of imaginary business. The project is to run through the chapters and make the project an interesting process. The amounts should emerge as more realistic and closer to reality. Specific Guidelines for Teachers Give a list of options to the students to select a business form. You can add to the given list: 1. A beauty parlour 10. Men's wear 19. A coffee shop 2. Men's saloon 11. Ladies wear 20. A music shop 3. A tailoring shop 12. Kiddies wear 21. A juice shop 4. A canteen 13. A Saree shop 22. A school canteen 5. A cake shop 14. Artificial jewellery shop 23. An ice cream parlour 6. A confectionery shop 15. A small restaurant 24. A sandwich shop 7. A chocolate shop 16. A sweet shop 25. A flower shop 8. A dry cleaner 17. A grocery shop 9. A stationery shop 18. A shoe shop After selection, advise the student(s) to visit a shop in the locality (this will help them to settle on a realistic amounts different items. The student(s) would be able to see the things as they need to invest in furniture, decor, lights, machines, computers etc. A suggested list of different item is given below. 1. Rent 19. Wages and Salary 2. Advance rent [approximately three months] 20. Newspaper and magazines 3. Electricity deposit 21. Petty expenses 4. Electricity bill 22. Tea expenses 5. Electricity fitting 23. Packaging expenses 6. Water bill 24. Transport 7. Water connection security deposit 25. Delivery cycle or a vehicle purchased 8. Water fittings 26. Registration 9. Telephone bill 27. Insurance 10. Telephone security deposit 28. Auditors fee 11. Telephone instrument 29. Repairs & Maintenance 12. Furniture 30. Depreciations 13. Computers 31. Air conditioners 14. Internet connection 32. Fans and lights 15. Stationery 33. Interior decorations 16. Advertisements 34. Refrigerators 17. Glow sign 35. Purchase and sales 18. Rates and Taxes At this stage , performas of bulk of originality and ledger may be provided to the students and they may be asked to complete the same. In the next step the students are expected to prepare the trial balance and the financial statements. Suggested