CBSE Class 12 Geography — Notes, Solutions & Papers

CLASS XII

COURSE STRUCTURE

Book-India People and Economy

Chapter No. Chapter Name Weightage

4 Water Resources Book- Fundamental of Human Geography

Chapter

No.

Chapter Name Weightage

3 Human Development

5 Secondary Activities 6 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities 7 Transport, Communication and Trade 8 International Trade Map Work (Based on identification of features on World Political Map) 5

Total 35

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5 Mineral and Energy Resources 6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

8 International Trade

Map Work (Based on locating and labelling on a political map of India) 5

Total 35

Book- Geography Practical II

Chapter No. Chapter Name Weightage

2 Data Processing 3 Graphical Representation of Data

Practical Record Book and Viva Voce 5

Total 30

COURSE CONTENT- XII

Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography

Chapter-1 Human Geography: Nature and Scope

● Introduction to Human Geography ● Approaches to study Human Geography Regional and Systematic Geography, Dualism ● Nature of Human Geography ● Naturalisation of Humans and Humanisation of Nature ● Schools of thought in Human Geography ● Fields and subfields of Human Geography

● Population-distribution and density ● Factors influencing the distribution of population ● Population Growth ● Components of Population Change

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● Demographic Transition ● Population Control Measures

Chapter- 3 Human Development

● Human development - concept; selected indicators ● Growth and Development ● The four pillars of Human Development ● Approaches to Human Development ● Measuring Human Development- HDI, HPI and GNH ● International comparisons

Concept and types: ● Hunting and Gathering, Pastoralism; Nomadic Herding, Commercial Livestock Rearing ● Types of agriculture: ❖ Primitive Subsistence ❖ Intensive Subsistence ● Commercial Agriculture ❖ Plantation Agriculture ❖ Extensive Commercial Grain Cultivation ❖ Mixed Farming ❖ Dairy farming ❖ Mediterranean Agriculture ❖ Market Gardening and Horticulture ❖ Cooperative Farming ❖ Collective Farming ● Mining, factors affecting mining ● Methods of Mining

Chapter- 5 Secondary Activities

● Manufacturing: Characteristics of Modern large-Scale Manufacturing ● Factors influencing industrial location ● Classification of manufacturing Industries: On the basis of Size, Inputs /raw material, Output /Products and Ownership ● Concept of High-tech Industry

Chapter- 6 Tertiary Activities

● Tertiary activities-concept and types ● Trade and Commerce: Retail and Wholesale trading, Transport, Factors Affecting Transport ● Communication ● Services ● People engaged in tertiary activities ● Tourism, Major tourist regions ● Tourist attractions - some examples from selected countries ● Medical Services for Overseas Patients in India ● Quaternary and Quinary activities-concept ● The Digital Divide

Chapter- 7 Transport and Communication

● Transport ● Modes of Transportation ● Land transport: Roadways, Highways, Road Density, Border Roads. ● Railways: Trans-continental Railways: Trans-Siberian, Trans Canadian, — 14 marks Australian Trans Continental ● Water Transport: Important Sea Routes, Shipping Canals, Inland waterways ● Air transport: Inter-Continental air routes ● Pipelines ● Communications: Satellite Communications and Cyber Space- Internet

Chapter- 8 International Trade

● History of International trade ● Why Does International Trade Exist? ● Basis of International Trade ● Balance of Trade ● Types of International Trade: Bilateral and Multi-lateral trade ● Case for Free Trade ● Concept of Dumping ● World Trade Organisation ● Regional Trade Blocs ● Concerns Related to International Trade ● Gateways of International trade: Ports ● Types of Port

Book: India: People and Economy

 Distribution of Population  Density of Population  Growth of population  Four distinct phases of population growth  Regional Variation in Population Growth  Population Composition: Rural – Urban Composition, Linguistic Composition, Religious Composition  Composition of Working Population  Promoting Gender Sensitivity through ‘Beti Bachao–Beti Padhao’ Social Campaign.

 Rural settlements - types and distribution  Urban settlements - types, distribution  Evolution of Towns in India  Urbanisation in India  Functional Classification of Towns  Smart Cities Mission

 Land resources- general land use  Land use categories  Land-use Changes in India  Common Property Resources  Agricultural Land Use in India  Cropping Seasons in India  Types of Farming  Geographical conditions and distribution of major crops (Wheat, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane and Rubber); — 15 marks  Agricultural development in India  Growth of Agricultural Output and Technology  Problems of Indian Agriculture

Chapter- 4 Water Resources

 Water resources- Surface water and Groundwater Resources  Lagoons and Backwaters  Water Demand and Utilisation - irrigation, domestic, industrial and other uses;  Emerging Water Problems: Deterioration of Water Quality  Water Conservation and Management; Prevention of Water Pollution; Rain water harvesting and Watershed management

Chapter- 5 Mineral and Energy Resources

 Mineral Resources: Introduction and Types  Major mineral belts of India  Distribution of Ferrous Minerals (Iron ore and Manganese), Non-Ferrous Minerals (Bauxite and Copper); Non-metallic minerals (Mica)  Energy Resources: Conventional sources (Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas) and non-conventional sources (Nuclear, Solar, Wind, Tidal and Wave and Geothermal and Bio energy)  Conservation of Mineral Resources

Chapter - 6 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context

● Planning- Introduction ● Target Area Planning: Hill Area Development Programme, Drought Prone Area Programme. ● Concept of Sustainable Development ● Case Studies – 1. Integrated Tribal Development Project in Bharmaur Region 2. Indira Gandhi Canal (Nahar) Command Area

● Means of Transport: Land (Road transport, Rail transport and Oil and Gas pipelines), Water transport (Inland waterways and Oceanic routes) and Air transport ● Communication Networks- Personal and Mass Communication Systems

Chapter- 8 International Trade

 Changing Pattern of the Composition of India’s Exports and Import  Direction of Trade  Sea Ports as Gateways of International Trade  Major Seaports of India along with their hinterlands.  Airports

● Environmental pollution- Introduction and types ● Urban-waste disposal ● Rural-Urban Migration: Case Study ● Problems of Slums ● Land degradation: Case study

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Book- Geography Practical Part II

Chapter- 1 Data – Its Source and Compilation

● What is Data, Sources of data: Primary, Secondary and Unpublished sources. ● Tabulation and Classification of Data ● Grouping of Data ● Frequency Polygon

Chapter- 2 Data Processing

● Tabulating and processing of data ● Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode ● Comparison of Mean, Median and Mode

Chapter- 3 Graphical Representation of Data

● Representation of data - General rules for drawing diagrams, graphs and maps, construction of line graphs, polygraphs, simple bar diagrams, line and bar diagram, Multiple bar, Compound bar, Pie diagram, Flowchart ● Thematic maps; Construction of Dot Map; Choropleth Map and Isopleth map

Chapter- 4 Spatial Information Technology

Introduction to GIS; Advantages of GIS, Compon ents of GIS, Spatial data formats, Sequence of GIS activities; Spatial data input, Entering attribute data, Data Linkages and matching, Spatial analysis: Overlay Analysis Operation and Buffer Operation Map Work

Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography (Map work on identification of features based on units I to III on the outline physical/political map of the World)

Chapter Map item (Map present on official website of Govt. of

India should be used)

Chapter 1-Human Geography Nil

Chapter 2 The World

Population Density Distribution and Growth Nil

Chapter 3 Human

Development Nil

Chapter 4 Primary Activities Areas of subsistence gathering

Major areas of nomadic herding of the world Major areas of commercial livestock rearing Major areas of extensive commercial grain farming Major areas of mixed farming of the World

Chapter 5-Secondary

Activities Nil

Chapter 6 Tertiary and

Quaternary Activities Nil

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Chapter 7 Transport

Communication and Trade Terminal Stations of Transcontinental Railways Trans-Siberian, Trans Canadian, Trans -Australian Railways Major Sea Ports

Europe: North Cape, London, Hamburg

North America: Vancouver, San Francisco, New Orleans

∙

South America: Rio de Janeiro, Cologne, Valparaiso

Africa: Suez and Cape Town

Asia: Yokohama, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Aden, Karachi, Kolkata

Australia: Perth, Sydney, Melbourne Major Airports:

Asia: Tokyo, Beijing, Mumbai, Jeddah, Aden

Africa: Johannesburg & Nairobi

Europe: Moscow, London, Paris, Berlin and Rome

North America: Chicago, New Orleans, Mexico City

South America: Buenos Aires, Santiago

Australia: Darwin and Wellington Inland Waterways Suez Canal, Panama Canal, Rhine waterways and St. Lawrence Seaways

Chapter 8 International Trade Nil

Map Work

Book: India People and Economy (Map work on locating and labelling of features based on outline political/physical map of India.)

Chapter Map item (Map present on official website of Govt. of

India should be used)

Chapter 1-Population

Distribution Density, Growth and Composition State with highest population density & state with lowest population density (2011)

Chapter 2-Human Settlement Nil

Chapter 3-Land Resources

and Agriculture Leading producing states of the following crops: (a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Cotton (d) Jute (e) Sugarcane (f) Tea and (g) Coffee

Chapter 4-Water Resources Nil

Chapter 5-Mineral And Energy

Resources Mines: ● Iron-ore mines : Mayurbhanj, Bailadila, Ratnagiri, Bellary ∙ ● Manganese mines: Balaghat, Shimoga — 18 marks ● Copper mines: Hazaribagh, Singhbhum, Khetari ● Bauxite mines: Katni, Bilaspur and Koraput ● Coal mines: Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj, Neyveli ● Oil Refineries: Mathura, Jamnager, Barauni

Chapter 6-Planning and

Sustainable Development in Indian Context Nil

Chapter 7-Transport and

Communication Nil

Chapter 8-International Trade ● Major Sea Ports: Kandla, Mumbai, Marmagao, Kochi,

Mangalore, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradwip, Haldia ● International Airports: Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Delhi, Amritsar, Thiruvananthapuram & Hyderabad.

Chapter 9-

Geographical Perspective on selected issues and problems Nil

Note: The following topics are included in the syllabus but will be assessed only formatively to reinforce understanding without adding to summative assessments. This reduces academic stress while ensuring meaningful learning. Schools can integrate these with existing chapters as they align well. Relevant NCERT textual mat erial is enclosed for reference.

Book: Fundamentals of Human Geography 1. Population Composition-  Sex Composition  Age Structure  Age Sex Pyramid  Rural Urban Composition  Literacy  Occupation Structure 2. Human Settlements  Classification of Settlements  Types and Patterns of Rural Settlement  Problems of Rural Settlement  Urban Settlement  Classification of Urban Settlement (On the basis of population, Occupational Structure and Administrative Set up)  Problems of Urban Settlement

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Book- India People and Economy 1.Migration-  Types  Causes  Consequences Guidelines for External Assessment/ Geography Practical ● A practical file must be prepared by students covering all the topics prescribed in the practical syllabus. ● The file should be completely handwritten with a cover page, index page and acknowledgment. ● All statistical diagrams and maps should be drawn neatly with appropriate headings, scale, index etc. Data to draw statistical diagrams can be taken from the NCERT textbook or Census. ● The practical file will be assessed both by the internal and external examiners at the time of CBSE practical examinations. ● A written exam of 25 marks will be conducted based on the above given practical syllabus on the day of the practical examination. ● Viva will be conducted based on practical syllabus only.  Written Exam - 25 Marks  Practical file- 02 Marks  Viva- 03 Marks

CLASS XII

NCERT Prescribed Textbook 1. Fundamentals of Human Geography 2. India- People and Economy 3. Practical work in Geography- Part II Links for NCERT textbooks: 1. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?legy1=0-8 2. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?legy2=0-9 3. https://ncert.nic.in/textbook.php?legy3=0- Note: 1. The above textbooks are also available in Hindi medium. 2. Kindly refer to the latest editions of all NCERT Textbook. — 20 marks